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Zero Emission Electric Vehicle Charging: Off-Grid 2020-2040

Microgrid and on-board charging: land, water, air


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The new IDTechEx report, "Zero-Emission Electric Vehicle Charging: Off-Grid 2020-2040" examines how the electric vehicle business is finding it profitable to respond to criticism that clean vehicles should not be charged with fossil fuel electricity. The purpose of this 230 page report is to enable materials, component, vehicle and infrastructure suppliers and putative suppliers and all others in the value chain to understand this large emerging opportunity for off-grid zero-emission (OGZE) charging of electric vehicles land, water and airborne.
 
This is starting to take two basic forms. First is ZE microgrids that are off-grid or capable of being islanded (using the grid as backup called "fringe-of-grid") that charge vehicles - eventually $15 billion in yearly sales on IDTechEx analysis. Second is land and marine vehicles and aircraft progressing to being energy-independent pure-electric vehicles (EIEV), another large emerging market. Some readers need a very long-term view so we look at 2020-2040. The methodology of the new research covering over 100 organisations consists mainly of ongoing global visits and interviews by our multi-lingual, PhD level analysts, use of privileged databases including presentations at our own events on the subject. IDTechEx is an independent analyst company located worldwide and with no conflicts of interest.
 
The executive summary and conclusions presents easily understood, new infograms and graphs revealing off-grid technology options, underlying needs and trends 2020-2040 and which types of EV are suited to OGZE and therefore the primary focus of the report. Learn the types of location matched to the best solutions. Primary conclusions are given for format, chemistry, physics, technology popularity, strategy of photovoltaic leaders, 13 new formats and power electronics 2020-2040. Learn the place of DC microgrids, existing microgrid cost breakdown and action arising. All of this is brought alive by examples of best practice and, given the large off-road opportunity in seven identified industries, the farm, construction site and mine of the future are drawn. Leading solar vehicles are compared and trends explained. Technology roadmap, OGZE charger-microgrid business and solar car business are forecasted 2020-2040.
 
The introduction covers microgrid design from in-a-box to distributed microgrids and why solar usually wins for vehicle charging stations but new options are added. Understand new wind power and energy independent vehicles. Photovoltaic technologies 2020-2040 are compared in Chapter 3 with silicon winning, single crystal gaining share and identified market niches for other options. Chapter 4 explains why copper indium gallium diselenide is carving one of the largest niches for vehicle charging. Chapter 5 addresses wild cards: 2D semiconductors, quantum dots, rectenna arrays. Chapter 6 closely examines where new PV formats such as thin concrete, solar roads and windows are headed, profiling 15 activities.
 
Ocean wave power and tidal power in river or sea is now modular and very useful for charging boats, ships, sea-floor mining vehicles and other vehicles near or under the sea so Chapter 7 thoroughly explores this and the progress with tethered drones making electricity with many examples and predictions.
 
Chapter 8 explains the many containerised microgrids charging EVs. Chapter 9 critically presents examples of ZE microgrids using wind and solar. Chapter 10 does the same for other ZE OG microgrids suitable for vehicle charging then Chapter 11 explains why solar vehicles have become mainstream: land, water, air with examples. The report ends with Chapter 12, "Energy positive ZE and ZE fuel cell vehicles without fuel supply chain".
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Table of Contents
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1.Purpose of this report
1.2.Comparison of off-grid technology options
1.3.New power generating technology kVA comparison
1.4.Much more than a story about cleaner chargers
1.5.Primary conclusions: Underlying needs and trends 2020-2040
1.6.Primary conclusions: making the electricity
1.7.Why zero-emission?
1.8.Primary conclusions: off-grid charging by type of location
1.9.Primary conclusions: basic technological options
1.10.Primary conclusions: format, chemistry, physics 2020-2040
1.11.Technology popularity 2020-2040
1.12.Preferred solar technologies for microgrids and vehicles
1.13.Where the PV leaders are headed
1.14.Best practice: Gridserve solar/ battery forecourts UK
1.15.New high power photovoltaic formats
1.15.1.Best practice: EV ARC solar tracking car charger
1.16.Wind power for vehicle charging
1.17.Advanced power electronics becomes important
1.18.DC microgrids slowly coming in
1.19.Primary conclusions: cost breakdown and action arising
1.20.Construction site of the future arriving now with moveable zero emission gensets
1.21.Farm of the future arriving now
1.22.Self-powered, robotic indoor farming
1.23.Mine of the future
1.24.Primary conclusions: solar vehicles are microgrids on wheels
1.25.Market forecasts and technology roadmap 2020-2040
1.25.1.Global charging infrastructure 2020: on-road vehicles
1.25.2.Existing charging stations that could go zero-emission off-grid
1.25.3.Technology and rollout roadmap 2020-2040
1.25.4.OG ZE charging stations number, unit value, market value 2020-2040
1.25.5.Background information: global microgrid market
1.25.6.Solar cars number, unit value, market value 2019-2030
1.25.7.Electric vehicle forecast 2020-2030 number k for 103 categories
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.Increased versatility but winners and losers
2.2.Microgrid design
2.2.1.Basic configurations and V2G
2.3.Why solar usually wins for vehicle charging stations
2.4.Decentralised microgrids
2.5.Below 100kW wind turbines have become niche
2.6.Wind turbine choices
2.7.Electric vehicle powertrains
3.PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND FORMATS FOR CHARGING EVS 2020-2040
3.1.Benefits sought and leaders in providing them
3.2.Photovoltaic trends and priorities 2020-2040
3.2.1.Silicon the winner so far: variants and successes
3.3.Wafer or thin film PV 2020-2040
3.4.Thin film more efficient than rigid silicon 2030-2040?
3.5.Five basic PV mechanisms: status, benefits, challenges, market potential
3.6.Important PV options beyond silicon compared
3.7.Production readiness of Si alternatives for mainstream vehicle charging
3.8.Best research-cell efficiencies 1975-2020
3.9.Choice of format
3.10.Examples of formats
3.11.Flexible thin film versions slowly gain share
4.COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM DISELENIDE BECOMES IMPORTANT
4.1.Overview
4.2.Ultra-light flexible CIGS
4.3.CIGS PV in action charging vehicles in four countries
4.4.Hurricane proof mobile microgrid MIT USA in Puerto Rico
4.5.Renovagen microgrid unrolls
4.6.CIGS building facades
5.WILD CARDS: 2D SEMICONDUCTORS, QUANTUM DOTS, RECTENNA ARRAYS
5.1.2D semiconductor nanomaterials
5.2.Quantum dot
5.3.Rectenna nantenna-diode
6.NEW FORMATS: CONCRETE, SOLAR ROADS AND WINDOWS
6.1.Thin concrete solar: ETH Zurich
6.2.Solar roads charge EVs
6.2.1.Pavenergy China
6.2.2.The Netherlands introduces SolaRoad paving - March 2019
6.3.Multi-mode roads and other structures
6.3.1.Solar Roadways USA
6.4.Gantry vs road surface PV
6.5.Transparent and translucent PV
6.6.Solar windows
6.6.1.Basic configurations
6.6.2.Review of 13 organisations
6.7.SolarGaps solar blinds
7.NEW RELOCATABLE WIND, RIVER AND SEA POWER FOR CHARGING EVS
7.1.Zero emission microgrids: solar, water, wind reinvented
7.2.New options beyond solar: relocatable, much less intermittent
7.3.Open tide "tide stream" power options mimic wind power options
7.4.Airborne Wind Energy developers
7.4.1.Why AWE may be better than a conventional wind turbine
7.4.2.eWind Solutions specifically targets AWE for farms
7.5.Open sea wave power technologies
8.CONTAINERISED MICROGRIDS CHARGING EVS
8.1.Transportable microgrids for military, live events, easier installations
8.2.Scale Microgrid
8.3.VERGE and many with expanding solar
8.4.Excellerate
8.5.OffGridBox
9.ZE MICROGRIDS USING WIND AND SOLAR
9.1.Overview
9.2.Bad practice
9.3.Good practice: Porto Santo Island Portugal
9.4.Borkum Island Germany
9.5.Kodiak Island Alaska
9.6.King Island Tasmania
9.7.eVcentres UK
9.8.SmartGreenCharge Highways France
9.9.PEARL Project Hawaii
9.10.Tesla
9.10.1.Tesla Semi: off grid charging vital for payback
9.10.2.Tesla car charging
9.11.Other projects
9.12.I-FEVS restaurant on wheels
9.13.Wind and solar powered ships
9.14.Energy independent electric ship opportunity
10.OTHER ZE OG MICROGRIDS SUITABLE FOR VEHICLE CHARGING
10.1.Agriculture
10.1.1.Stone Edge Farm microgrid development
10.1.2.Charging electric farm tractors
10.1.3.Solectrac electric tractor charging
10.2.Brightfield USA
10.3.Roadside Texas
10.4.France - transportable versions
10.5.HEP Croatia
10.6.e-move Denmark
10.7.Power Research Electronics Netherlands
10.8.Ovida Community Hubs Melbourne
10.9.Saudi Aramco car parks and electric vehicle charging shelters
10.10.University of Iowa USA
10.11.Private houses as microgrids
10.11.1.Tesla
11.SOLAR VEHICLES GO MAINSTREAM: LAND, WATER, AIR
11.1.Overview
11.2.Electric robot weeders: FarmWise, Naio etc.
11.3.Hyundai and Kia
11.4.Tesla solar Cybertruck
11.5.Sono Motors, Lightyear
11.6.Squad - solar city car
11.7.Sunnyclist Greece
11.8.Neeraj and other solar rickshaws India
11.9.K-Bus Germany
11.10.BYD and others
11.11.Kim il-sung University North Korea
11.12.Solar-powered vehicle to South Pole
11.13.Green Energy Norway
11.14.Detleffs USA
11.15.Midsummer Sweden
11.16.Fraunhofer ISE Germany
11.17.Collaboration on bus fleet electrification and solar overhead charging
11.18.Energy Independent Electric Vehicles
11.19.Technology timeline for solar cars
12.ENERGY POSITIVE ZE MICROGRIDS AND ZE FUEL CELL VEHICLES WITHOUT FUEL SUPPLY CHAIN
12.1.Overview and Powerhouse Brattørkaia
12.2.One microgrid charging buses, cars and boats
12.3.Energy positive vehicles
12.4.Stella Vie and Stella Era
12.5.Fuel cell vehicles without the crippling supply chain
 

Report Statistics

Slides 239
Forecasts to 2040
ISBN 9781913899639
 
 
 
 

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